The Tetris game
In this chapter, we will create a Tetris game clone in Java Swing. The following example is based on the C++ code example available at doc.trolltech.com. It is modified and simplified.Both the shaded cell to its right, and the topmost group of shaded cells, will become forced L tetrominoes. This is a problem, because we can only have two L tetrominoes - so that cell must be used. Some more logic sprouts off of the same area: Look at the 2 just below-left of the center. There are only three cells that could be filled there. Tetzle is a jigsaw puzzle game that uses tetrominoes for the pieces. Any image can be imported and used to create puzzles with a wide range of sizes.
Tetris
The Tetris game is one of the most popular computer games ever created. The original game was designed and programmed by a russian programmer Alexey Pajitnov in 1985. Since then, Tetris is available on almost every computer platform in lots of variations. Even my mobile phone has a modified version of the Tetris game.Tetris is called a falling block puzzle game. In this game, we have seven different shapes called tetrominoes. S-shape, Z-shape, T-shape, L-shape, Line-shape, MirroredL-shape and a Square-shape. Each of these shapes is formed with four squares. The shapes are falling down the board. The object of the Tetris game is to move and rotate the shapes, so that they fit as much as possible. If we manage to form a row, the row is destroyed and we score. We play the tetris game until we top out.
The development
We do not have images for our tetris game, we draw the tetrominoes using Swing drawing API. Behind every computer game, there is a mathematical model. So it is in Tetris.Some ideas behind the game.
- We use a Timer class to create a game cycle
- The tetrominoes are drawn
- The shapes move on a square by square basis (not pixel by pixel)
- Mathematically a board is a simple list of numbers
The start() method starts the Tetris game. Immediately, after the window appears on the screen.
The Shape class provides information about a tetris piece.
The
Tetrominoes enum holds all seven tetris shapes. Plus the empty shape called here NoShape. This is the constructor of the
Shape class. The coords array holds the actual coordinates of a tetris piece. The
coordsTable array holds all possible coordinate values of our tetris pieces. This is a template from which all pieces take their coordiate values. Here we put one row of the coordiate values from the
coordsTable to a coordsarray of a tetris piece. Note the use of the ordinal() method. In C++, an enum type is esencially an integer. Unlike in C++, Java enums are full classes. And the ordinal() method returns the current position of the enum type in the enum object. The following image will help understand the coordinate values a bit more. The coords array saves the coordinates of the tetris piece. For example, numbers { 0, -1 }, { 0, 0 }, { -1, 0 }, { -1, -1 } , represent a rotated S-shape. The following diagram illustrates the shape.
Finally, we have the Board.java file. This is where the game logic is located.
We initialize some important variables. The
isFallingFinished variable determines, if the tetris shape has finished falling and we then need to create a new shape. The numLinesRemoved counts the number of lines, we have removed so far. The curX and curY variables determine the actual position of the falling tetris shape. We must explicitely call the
setFocusable() method. From now, the board has the keyboard input. Timer object fires one or more action events after a specified delay. In our case, the timer calls the actionPerformed() method each 400 ms. The
actionPerformed() method checks if the falling has finished. If so, a new piece is created. If not, the falling tetris piece goes one line down. Inside the
paint() method, we draw the all objects on the board. The painting has two steps. In the first step we paint all the shapes, or remains of the shapes, that have been dropped to the bottom of the board. All the squares are rememberd in the board array. We access it using the
shapeAt() method. In the second step, we paint the actual falling piece.
If we press the space key, the piece is dropped to the bottom. We simply try to drop the piece one line down until it reaches the bottom or the top of another fallen tetris piece.
The
clearBoard() method fills the board with empty NoSpapes. This is later used at collision detection. The
pieceDropped() method puts the falling piece into the board array. Once again, the board holds all the squares of the pieces and remains of the pieces that has finished falling. When the piece has finished falling, it is time to check, if we can remove some lines off the board. This is the job of the
removeFullLines() method. Then we create a new piece. More precisely, we try to create a new piece. The
newPiece() method creates a new tetris piece. The piece gets a new random shape. Then we compute the initial curX and curY values. If we cannot move to the initial positions, the game is over. We top out. The timer is stopped. We put game over string on the statusbar. Tetrominoes Mac Os Download
ThetryMove() method tries to move the tetris piece. The method returns false, if it has reached the board boundaries or it is adjacent to the already fallen tetris pieces. Inside the
removeFullLines() method, we check if there is any full row among all rows in the board. If there is at least one full line, it is removed. After finding a full line we increase the counter. We move all the lines above the full row one line down. This way we destroy the full line. Notice, that in our Tetris game, we use so called naive gravity. This means, that the squares may be left floating above empty gaps. Every Tetris piece has four squares. Each of the squares is drawn with the
drawSquare() method. Tetris pieces have different colors. The left and top sides of a square are drawn with a brighter color. Similarly, the bottom and right sides are drawn with darker colors. This is to simulate a 3D edge.
We control the game with a keyboard. The control mechanism is implemented with a
KeyAdapter. This is an inner class that overrides the keyPressed() method. If we pressed the left arrow key, we try to move the falling piece one square to the left.
Delayed Auto Shift or autorepeat refers to the behavior of most falling block puzzle games, including Tetris, when the player holds the left or right key. The game will shift the falling piece sideways, wait, and then shift it repeatedly if the player continues to hold the key. Sith escape mac os. Big wins on slots.
Some games read the keys as on-off switches and implement DAS in software. Other games, especially earlier games running on home computers, rely on the automatic repeat provided by the hardware or operating system, which the user often has the ability to configure. (In Windows 2000 and XP, this setting is Control Panel > Keyboard > Speed > Character repeat. Likewise, in Mac OS X, the Keyboard & Mouse preferences control the speed of key repeat.)
removeFullLines() method. Then we create a new piece. More precisely, we try to create a new piece. The
newPiece() method creates a new tetris piece. The piece gets a new random shape. Then we compute the initial curX and curY values. If we cannot move to the initial positions, the game is over. We top out. The timer is stopped. We put game over string on the statusbar. Tetrominoes Mac Os Download
ThetryMove() method tries to move the tetris piece. The method returns false, if it has reached the board boundaries or it is adjacent to the already fallen tetris pieces. Inside the
removeFullLines() method, we check if there is any full row among all rows in the board. If there is at least one full line, it is removed. After finding a full line we increase the counter. We move all the lines above the full row one line down. This way we destroy the full line. Notice, that in our Tetris game, we use so called naive gravity. This means, that the squares may be left floating above empty gaps. Every Tetris piece has four squares. Each of the squares is drawn with the
drawSquare() method. Tetris pieces have different colors. The left and top sides of a square are drawn with a brighter color. Similarly, the bottom and right sides are drawn with darker colors. This is to simulate a 3D edge.
We control the game with a keyboard. The control mechanism is implemented with a
KeyAdapter. This is an inner class that overrides the keyPressed() method. If we pressed the left arrow key, we try to move the falling piece one square to the left.
Delayed Auto Shift or autorepeat refers to the behavior of most falling block puzzle games, including Tetris, when the player holds the left or right key. The game will shift the falling piece sideways, wait, and then shift it repeatedly if the player continues to hold the key. Sith escape mac os. Big wins on slots.
Some games read the keys as on-off switches and implement DAS in software. Other games, especially earlier games running on home computers, rely on the automatic repeat provided by the hardware or operating system, which the user often has the ability to configure. (In Windows 2000 and XP, this setting is Control Panel > Keyboard > Speed > Character repeat. Likewise, in Mac OS X, the Keyboard & Mouse preferences control the speed of key repeat.)
Some games that have ARE or line clear delays allow the player to 'charge' DAS by holding the movement key during these delays, so that the piece starts moving sideways as soon as it appears.Games where ARE or line clear delay becomes faster over time, such as later games in the TGM series, often decrease DAS delay at the same time.
Definitions
Terminology around DAS has varied over the years, potentially leading to some confusion. This section will define the terminology used by this wiki.
DAS delay
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DAS delay refers to the delay between the player holding down the direction abd the auto-shift occurring. This may also be referred to as DAS startup or simply DAS.
DAS delay is usually measured either in milliseconds or frames. It is often ambiguous as to whether the delay includes or excludes the frame in which the piece first moves and the piece at which the piece first auto-shifts.
This wiki measures DAS delay inclusive of both frames. This corresponds to the number of frames that the direction needs to be held down in order to activate an auto-shift, assuming DAS charge occurs on all frames.
Tetrominoes Mac Os 11
Auto-repeat rate
Auto-repeat rate refers to the rate at which auto-shift inputs repeat, but may also refer to the interval between repeats. The rate can be measured in Hz or G, while the interval can be measured in milliseconds or frames.
Games with slow DAS
Tetromino based:
Other:
Games with fast DAS
Official Tetris games with at least 20 Hz DAS:
- The Tetris The Grand Master series
Tower siege mac os. Other:
Games with customizable DAS rate
Incomplete.
Official games:
- Tetris Friends (fixed options, need to be unlocked)
Fan games:
Practical considerations
- Main article: 60 Hz SRS Movement Finesse
Tactics for placing tetrominoes differ per game based on the speed of DAS and based on whether the player can load DAS during a line clear.
One space from the wall
To place a T, L, or J tetromino with its flat side one square from the side of the matrix at low gravity, it is fastest to rotate the tetromino after moving it. In bounding box based rotation systems such as SRS or its immediate predecessors, this applies to S and Z as well.
Rotate before move, tap tap tap:
Rotate before move, DAS then backtrack:
Rotate before move, DAS then let go before the tetromino hits the wall, leads to misdrops, especially in games with fast DAS:
Let go too late |
Viva las vegas free slots. Let go too early |
Golden spin casino. Move before rotate:
However, at fast gravity, rotation (especially initial rotation) before movement may help the player navigate pyramid structures.
In SRS for games with fast DAS, moving to the right wall then rotating uses less button presses in cases with all pieces except O. With J, L, and T, moving to the right wall, rotating and then moving once more left is faster still (two movements) than tapping three times right. With I, moving to the right wall and rotating clockwise is faster, as well as rotating counter-clockwise for the third column-- and vice versa for the left wall. In other rotation systems such as the Arika Rotation System, this technique works halfway, which some pieces can benefit from rotating after moving to the wall on the left-- others on the right.
See Also
Tetrominoes Mac Os X
External links
- Meditation on Finesse (for Tetris DS) by caffeine
